Which medical test identifies changes in chromosomes, genes, or proteins?

• A. Gene Therapy
• B. Stem Cell Research
• C. Cloning
• D. Gene Testing

Answer: (D)

The main concept being tested is identifying genetic or protein changes through a medical test. The best option, gene testing, is designed to examine genetic material—DNA and the genes themselves—to detect mutations, deletions, duplications, or rearrangements that can cause disease. This kind of testing can reveal chromosomal abnormalities and gene-level changes, and it helps explain how such changes may alter the production or function of proteins.

In practice, genetic testing guides diagnosis, risk assessment, and treatment decisions by pinpointing the specific genetic alterations involved.

The other options describe approaches that aren’t diagnostic tests: gene therapy is about treating disease by delivering new genetic material; stem cell research focuses on studying or using stem cells for therapies; cloning involves creating genetically identical copies.